The Practice of Clinical Psychology

University of Phoenix Material The Practice of Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. Confidentiality is one issue associated with clinical psychology. It intersects the legal and ethical jurisdictions in the realm of psychotherapy. These issues are in conflict when legal requirements contradict the APA’s Ethics Code (Plante, 2011).Confidentiality agreement exceptions between patient and therapist include danger that is immediate (suicide, homicide, or any type of abuse). When the Code of Ethics and the law cross the Code of Ethics should always be followed and any discrepancies should be explained to a court of law (Plante, 2011). There are, however, exceptions to the confidentiality rule: in specific situations, a patien t may opt out of confidentiality. This may be when a patient wants to involve their spouse, child, or even a friend in their therapy (Plante, 2011).Clinical psychologists must be careful by documenting exceptions in writing, to maintain integrity because of concerns with confidentiality. Forensic activities are another area where legal issues may affect a psychologist. It is important when psychologists are giving expert testimony that they make sure the assessment tools they choose to use were developed specifically for the purpose the psychologist is using it (Plante, 2011). This is an ethical issue with legal implications rather than a legal issue. 2. What are at least two ethical issues associated with clinical psychology?Provide an example of a situation that could be ethical but illegal. Explain your response. A major point of concern in any ethical discussion in psychology is competence. Appropriate training and instruction that concerns changes in a psychologist’s spe cialized field must be kept up to date (Plante, 2011). According to Plante (2011) 50% of the material learned during a psychologists graduate work becomes obsolete 10 to 12 years after they graduate. This means that clinical psychologists have to relearn half of their specialized field every ten years or so.Psychologists must practice in the field in which they have been trained. It is important that clinical psychologists are not being misleading or deceptive in advertising or public statements (Plante, 2011). A psychologist must never overstate their points of views or their qualifications. Psychologists must correct any misleading statements that have been made by another person on the psychologists behalf. This causes the psychologists to be very clear about their points of view and not overstate their credentials (Plante, 2011). 3. Define professional boundaries, boundary crossings, and boundary violations.What effects do boundaries have on the therapeutic relationship? Dual re lationships are at the heart of most professional boundary violations in the U. S. (Plante, 2011). A dual relationship is when the patient and psychologist develop a relationship outside the professional one. This could be as simple as the psychologist and patient going out for coffee or as extreme as the psychologist and patient engaging in a sexual relationship. Of course psychologists are disciplined when the violations happen, but are encouraged to avoid conflicts of interest and dual relationships with patients (Plante, 2011).Boundary crossings and violations happen when the psychologist engages in an extra psychotherapeutic relationship with the patient. There is a counter argument in this area and that is the psychotherapy must sometimes occur in the patients natural environment. This happens if the patient is severely disabled. To maintain a relationship that is professional and boundaries that are professional the relationship must be kept in a setting that is professional and in situations that is professional.There are some situations though that are unavoidable such as a psychologist who has a small town practice and knows everyone in town (Plante, 2011). 4. What are at least two cultural limitations associated with assessment and treatment? In your response, discuss the use or misuse of assessment instruments, therapy techniques, research results, or any other facet of clinical practice that could have potentially harmful, culture-specific implications. There are some behavioral problems that are culturally specific and require treatment approaches that are culturally specific (Plante, 2011).For example during the Victorian Era, conversion disorders were popular but are not today. I t is telling hta most psychological studies that have been conducted in the last 50 years have been on the Caucasian race from the upper and middle classes (Plante, 2011). This would mean that the results of these tests to minorities is questionable. Culturally specifi c treatment options are being looked at by psychologists, as legitimate alternatives to traditional individual 50 minute insight oriented psychotherapy.

The Nuremberg Trials

Professor Henry King (2003) declared that, â€Å"there is no greater challenge currently confronting the international community than that of defining the scope of international human rights.† And rightly so, as we observe the present day atrocities committed all over the world as well as how the progression of international law has developed systems to adjudicate on these controversial matters. One of the most pioneering landmark cases in international law is the Nuremberg War Trials. Along with its significance, perhaps, it is also one of the most debatable. Judge Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. (1946) wrote: â€Å"to those who support the trial it promises the first effective recognition of a world law for the punishment of malefactors who start wars or conduct them in bestial fashion† (p.66). On the other hand, Wyzanski argues that, â€Å"to the adverse critics the trial appears in many aspects a negation of principles which they regard as the heart of any system of justice under law.† Such a chasm in opinion created several theoretically relevant points in analyzing the history of international criminal law. It is often said that history is written by the victors. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and France, victors of the 1939-1945 World War II, organized these trials to implead the Nazi leaders for â€Å"aggressive acts and war crimes.† About six million Jews and nearly five million other Europeans were murdered en masse in a phenomenon called the Holocaust. This is often benchmarked by international organizations as one of the first acts of genocide. This paper aims to:   discuss the international crimes indicted in the Nuremberg Trials, describe the judgment passed on the Nazi defendants, present opposing views and controversies on the matter, and analyze the significance of the Nuremberg Trials in comparison to the current criminal justice system. Nuremberg Tribunal On August 8, 1945, the representatives of the four Allied powers formally adopted The Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of Major War Criminals of the European Axis, and Establishing the Charter of the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Two months after, this Agreement and the IMT Charter became the legal basis for the indictment of the Nazi leaders on the four counts discussed below. Nuremberg Principles: the Four Counts of Indictment Four Counts of Indictment were the basis of the charge against the Nationalsozialistische Deitsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi party) leadership by the International Military Tribunal. These Counts include: conspiracy to commit aggressive war, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Critics of the Nuremberg Trials maintain that these Counts were in the nature of an ex post facto law, or one that was not a criminal act when it was first committed, yet became punishable later on by statute or legislation (Wyzanski, 1946). After all, one of the most elementary legal principles is one that holds: nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege — there is no crime where there is no law punishing such. Supporters of the Nuremberg Trials contend that international law, natural law and civil law jurisdictions adhere to the agreements between states and are compelled to adopt the internationally recognized standards, including the doctrines enshrined in the Nuremberg Trials. Count 1: Conspiracy Conspiracy, commonly stated as, â€Å"the act of one is the act of all,† or the collusion of two or more people in the commission of an offense, was established as an additional and separate substantive offense from Counts One to Three. To assert conspiracy is to define that there is a wrong done when, acting together for an unlawful end, he who joins in that action incurs liability not only for the act planned, or participated in, or could reasonably be foreseen to happen, but also for every single act that his co-conspirators committed. For instance, Julius Streicher was found guilty by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg for direct incitement and encouraging the commission of war crimes in the following: â€Å"†¦a punitive expedition must come against the Jews in Russia. A punitive expedition which will provide the same fate for them that every murderer and criminal must expect. Death sentence and execution. The Jews in Russia must be killed. They must be exterminated root and branch (Schabas, 2000, p. 278-279).† Wyzanski (1946) asks: â€Å"what is the basis for asserting such a broad and substantive crime in international law? Aside from the notion being new, is it not fundamentally unjust?† He reasons that a trial, when used as propaganda, is to debase justice. This is one of the strongest arguments posited by the critics of the Nuremberg Trials. Count 2: Crimes Against Peace Germany was a party to nine international treaties that condemn the plotting and waging of wars of aggression (the type where a state is the instigator of the war, and not merely in defense of national security). The Geneva protocol declared wars of aggression as international crimes — not merely uncivilized ways of waging war but also the waging in any way of uncivilized wars (Wyzanski, 1946). Count 3: War Crimes War crimes are in violation of the rules on warfare defined in international conventions, to which Germany was a party. This systematic course of conduct toward both civilians and combatants, excessive destruction of territories, with clear knowledge of the defendants, was deemed to be punishable, according to the 1946 article by Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. It is aggression itself that was criminalized. This Count was the most criticized for being retroactive legislation since the history of warfare has not absolved the organizers of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal from their own acts of warfare in their respective colonies. The Allied Forces (United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France) were also known for committing war time atrocities in their own jurisdictions but critics point out that only the Nazis were held to account for their wartime liabilities. Other aggressive wars prior to World War II were not punished by international tribunals prior to the one constituted at Nuremberg. Count 4: Crimes against Humanity The horrors of Auschwitz and other parts of Germany and Europe where Jews, Poles and Gypsies were massacred in cold blood were defined as crimes against humanity, as described in the opening address to the Nuremberg Trials by US Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson (King, 2003). Despite the innocence of the civilians, they were subject to various atrocities ordered by the Nazi leadership: deliberate and systematic genocide of racial and national groups of certain occupied territories, as charged in the case of France et al. v. Goering et al., 22 IMT 203 (1946) as cited by William Schabas (pp. 37-38). Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the International Tribunal, enumerated the crimes falling under the definition of â€Å"crimes against humanity† submitted by the American delegation to the Charter of the International Military Tribunal that heard the Nuremberg Trials (Schabas, 2000, p.36). Nuremberg Judgment Nazi defendants Bormann, Goering, von Ribbentrop, and Jodl among others, were sentenced to death by hanging. On October 16, 1946, ten of them were hanged while Goering committed suicide. Bormann was tried in absentia prior to that while Hess, Doenitz, and five others were awarded ten years to life imprisonment in Spandau Prison, Berlin. 185 defendants were tried subsequently by US judges, including Nazi Party officials, judges, business executives, and doctors. Biographical Sketch From November 20, 1945 until October 1, 1946, the Nuremberg Palace of Justice in Nuremberg City, Germany became the host of a series of trials fraught with contentious debates. These trials before the International Military Tribunal adjudicated on war crimes. The most prominent was the first trial which prosecuted 24 of the top Nazi Germany (Nationalsozialistische Deitsche Arbeiterpartei) leadership in the realms of politics, economy and military. Of the 23 were originally charged, 12 were meted out death sentences but only 10 were imposed. Even organizations involved fell under the penumbra of these war crimes (Wyzanski, 1964). Applicable Historical Theory Historical theories birthed by the Nuremberg trials include international law concepts, the formation of a tribunal, and responses to the defenses invoked by the accused. United Nations member States adopted the four counts of indictment as definitions of internationally punishable acts. These theories were further codified in the Charter of the IMT which acquired jurisdiction over States that ratified the Agreement. Some defenses rooted in customary law were raised: head of State immunity; superior orders; and tu quoque (the adversary committed similar atrocities). Of these, the IMT at Nuremberg denied the defense of head of State immunity because it was formally provided in the Charter that â€Å"constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals† are liable. The defense of superior orders was also excluded by the IMT to dispel ambiguities. The Nuremberg Trials underscored the moral duty of citizens to disobey inhumane orders that contravene natural law principles of justice. However, the defense of tu quoque was glossed over at Nuremberg since the World War II behavior of the Allied powers would render the legal justifications of the IMT vulnerable to attack (Schabas, 2000, pp. 314-342). Historical Theory In Comparison to Our Current Criminal Justice System The United Nations General Assembly Economic and Social Council created an ad hoc committee to draft a convention on the crime of genocide. In this convention, they resolved to formulate Nuremberg Principles into the provisions. Several UN member States raised the ideological angle in linking genocide to â€Å"race theories† like Fascism-Nazism. Thus, the Nuremberg principles were adopted in the preamble, by its analogy to punishing war criminals for similar acts of genocide (Schabas, 2000, p. 62-64). Before the April 1994 genocide in Rwanda, the hate-mongering Radio Mille Collines was broadcasting messages to incite the population to commit massacres of the Tutsi   and some Hutu civilians (Schabas, 2000, p.279). There is a chilling similarity to the situation of Nazi Germany where the Nuremberg court found such direct incitement punishable for direct incitement of acts of genocide, hatred, and violence which led to the Jewish Holocaust, among others. The criminal justice system of today and that of the Nuremberg era are both united in recognizing the criminal nature of hate propaganda and adopting measures to curb incitements to violence by adjudicating against the perpetrators. The US war on Iraq also raises delicate issues that can be attributable to the Nuremberg precedent. The historical theories and defenses raised would pose a strong ideological challenge to the criminality of certain acts that States commit against other States in the guise of protecting national security and the hegemonic concepts of development. While the US-Iraq war is said to be a fluid legal arena, the IMT of Nuremberg may have much to say on the matter. Conclusion Sixty two years ago until the present, the precedent set by the Nuremberg Trials is still being used as the rallying point for other analogous crimes. The four counts of indictment were codified into a formal Agreement along with the Charter for the IMT. Defenses normally recognized under customary law were denied by express provision of the Charter. Although the criminalization of these counts was still imperfect, provoking legal contentions even, the millions of lives lost during the war deserve the chance to have the scales of justice tilted in their favor. Through the constantly evolving international legal theories, one can only hope that humanity would be able to devise ways to put an end to the abject horror of war. References Schabas, W. (2000). Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. Cambridge:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge University Press. King, Henry. (2003, May 1). Robert Jackson and International Human Rights. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   November 20, 2007, from http://www.roberthjackson.org/Man/theman2-6-6/ Wyzanski, C. E., Jr. (1946, April). Nuremberg–A Fair Trial? Dangerous Precedent. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 177, No. 4, 66-70. The Nuremberg Trials A brief look at the Nuremberg Trials and some of the people involved. It steps upon the problems leading to the start of the trials including three of the doctors, three of the experiments performed on prisoners, and the judgment of three people involved with carrying out the vulgar experiments. Also included are three people who decided to commit suicide instead of facing certain death after going before a jury. The three people who committed suicide were also three of the biggest people involved in building the Nazi party in Germany and its surrounding areas. The Nuremberg Trials, a glimpse into the Nazis’ that committed crimes during WWII, exposes the lives destroyed, and the precedents set forth from this new category of crime, the war criminal. (Brown, 1995) The trials included 24 major political and military leaders who committed crimes against humanity and war crimes, (Congress, 2009) and did so without remorse or emotion for what their victims were going through. It was not until 1945 when the trials began that the full extent of what was truly taking place in the concentration camps and in the extermination camps (death camps) were revealed. The truth about medical experiments, atrocities, crimes against humanity, and membership in a criminal organization were grounds for the Nuremberg trials to commence and would become the precedents for all war crimes that would follow. (Congress, 2009) War crimes are defined as violations of the laws in which a person’s given rights are compromised. In broadest terms, a war crime is any act of violence by military personnel that exceeds the rules of war. To an extent, the concentration camps were guilty of all violations listed above and it was because of the crimes committed by the leaders in the camps that the Nuremberg trials became a necessity in order to make an example out of the people who committed the crimes. An argument that can be made about the Nuremberg trials is the fact that the crimes against humanity were made, but there was no precedent for war crimes before these trials started. It wasn’t until after the trials that the term crimes against humanity and war crimes became standard in the practice of law in all types of war entanglements. The International Military Tribunal (IMT) consisted of four allied powers including: Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States and were responsible for the outcome of every person being tried in the Nuremberg trials. (Cowell, 1995) â€Å"The lasting contribution of Nuremberg was to make individuals responsible,† for their genocidal contributions to the war. (Cowell, 1995) By the end of the Nuremberg trials in 1946, there were 12 people convicted and sentenced to death, three were acquitted, and seven were sentenced to prison terms of 10 years to life. Unfortunately, Hitler, Goebbels, and Himmler committed suicide before they could be tried for the crimes they committed. Adolf Hitler was appointed the chancellor of the Nazi party in 1933 and oversaw the murder of over 17 million civilians with an estimated six million Jews in what is known as the Holocaust, but Hitler took his life just days before the allied forces took Germany by force. (Farmer, 2007) Paul Joseph Goebbels was one of Hitler’s closest associates and took over the position of Chancellor of Germany for just one day after Hitler committed suicide. Goebbels committed suicide just a day before Germany was taken by allied forces. It was not until after Goebbels and his wife took their six children’s lives that they finally took their own lives. (Reich, 2009) Heinrich Himmler was the head of the Gestapo and the organizer of the mass murders of Jews in the extermination camps during Hitler’s reign and took poison to commit suicide after he was discovered wearing a disguise and fell into British hands after escaping capture in Germany. These are just a few key people in the genocide that happened in Germany during WWII and they decided to commit suicide rather than be prosecuted for the lives they destroyed. A few of the people involved in the Nuremberg trials included: Karl Brandt, Erhard Milch, and Oswald Pohl. Karl Brandt was the personal physician to Adolf Hitler and the commissioner for health and sanitation and was also the chief medical official of the German government during WWII. Brandt contributed to the experiments being performed on the inmates in the concentration camps and was sentenced to death and executed. Erhard Milch was a member of the Central Planning Board and had full power over the schedule that controlled the production and development of materials by forced labor during the war. He also assisted in the experiments being performed at the Dachau concentration camp in which high altitude and freezing experiments were conducted. (Congress, 2009) In the end, â€Å"Milch was acquitted of the charges concerning medical experiments and found guilty of charges concerning slave labor,† and sentenced to life in prison but was shortened to 15 years in 1951. Oswald Pohl was chief of the SS Wirtschafts und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA; Economic and Administrative Main Office) which took the place of several offices including Budget and Buildings and the Inspector of Concentration Camps. (College, 2003) In the end, Pohl received the death penalty for his involvement in the transportation of prisoners, murder, medical experiments, and his involvement in the mass executions of mostly Jews and other civilians. There were a couple of places in which the mass executions took place which included both concentration camps and extermination camps that were familiar with Hitler and the objectives he wanted to achieve during his reign during WWII. The camps included Auschwitz and Dachau which were places where experiments and death took place. Auschwitz was the place that mass murder became a daily routine after an experimental gassing was conducted in September of 1941 where 850 malnourished and ill prisoners entered gas chambers and never escaped the anguish they felt as they took their last breaths. Bulow, 2009) Dachau was another concentration camp where prisoners were mistreated and is more known for the brutal experiments that took place than executions in mass quantities like in Auschwitz. Just a few experiments that took place at the Dachau concentration camp that were brought out more clearly in the Nuremberg trials included: high altitude experiments, freezing experiments, and malaria e xperiments. (Congress, 2009) High altitude experiments were performed to test the limits of human endurance at high altitudes. The tests were performed in low pressure chambers where the pressure of 68,000 feet could be duplicated and measures, many died from this procedure and others suffered grave injury and ill treatment. The freezing experiments involved placing the subject in a tank of ice water for up to three hours without cloths or the victims were placed outside in freezing temperatures also without cloths to test the effects. After the victims were removed from the water or brought in from the cold, various methods of warming the victims up were tried, but the outcome was either death or the victims suffered severe pain and disability. The malaria experiment involved infecting healthy concentration camps with malaria bearing mosquitoes or by injecting the disease into victims from the mucous of the glands of mosquitoes. Most of the test subjects died or suffered from severe pain or disability. (Congress, 2009) In the end, the Nuremberg trials were justified because of the ways in which the Nazis’ treated the prisoners they turned into victims through the use of force and through sheer neglect. No man or woman should ever have had to endure what the prisoners of war during WWII endured. It was unconscionable what happened behind closed doors and the walls keeping the Nazis’ in control, but because of the Nuremberg trials, the truth came to be known about how relentless the Nazis’ were towards human life. A question is always asked in history classes, why does history need to be taught, and the answer is always: in order to avoid repeating the mistakes from the past. This was one of the worst times in history, and this paper is just a short excerpt to all the turmoil associated with Hitler’s ideals of the perfect world. References http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/nuremberg.html http://law.jrank.org/pages/2311/War-Crimes.html

Biography of Abraham Lincoln Essay

Abraham Lincoln (see Fig. 1), the United States sixteenth President, has productively led his nation through its most difficult crisis: the American Civil War. He was eventually assassinated as the war was coming to a halt. Abraham Lincoln was a lawyer, a Legislator in the Illinois State, and a House of Representatives member. He was the proponent in the fight against slavery in the United States and in 1861 won the Presidency. 1 During his term in office, he contributed much of his effort in the preservation of the United States by defeating the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He introduced countermeasures that led to the abolishment of slavery on his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, though various criticisms was put unto him by the opponents of war (also called â€Å"copperheads†), and the faction of the Republican Party called the Radical Republicans. He also promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Constitution Amendment, which was ratified by the states later after his death. Figure 1. Photograph of Abraham Lincoln During the war, Lincoln closely monitored the proceedings, choosing on his own the top Generals that will lead the army. He successfully handled the factions on the Republican Party, and defused the so-called war scare of 1861 with the United Kingdom. Under his intense leadership, the Union was able to take control of the slave border states when the war was about to start. As the war was about to end, he viewed a concept of reconstruction to speed up the unification of the nation through policies on reconciliation. His eminent assassination in 1865 was the first conducted assassination in the United States history. The incident made him a martyr and an epitome of national unification. Early Life Abraham Hanks Lincoln, son of Nancy Hanks and Thomas Lincoln, was born on a small cabin in a spring farm in Kentucky on February 12, 1809. The area was the called Hardin County but now a part of the LaRue County. This made him the first United States President to be born outside the initial Thirteen Colonies. His ancestor was originally from Massachusetts in Hingham, but later departed westward up to the Virginia states to the frontier (see Fig. 2). Figure 2. Symbolic representation of the Cabin log where Lincoln was born 2 His father initially bought the spring farm for $200 and became a respected citizen of Kentucky. The family belonged to a Baptist church (Hardshell), though Abraham never joined any church including of his own family. In 1816, his family was forced to depart to a new County (the Perry County) in Indiana. This move can be accounted for the existing slavery conditions, and land difficulties in Kentucky wherein people had a hard time securing land titles and properties. In 1830, the family decided to settle on Illinois in Macon County due to problem in land title, and then later transferred in Coles County, Illinois. He was about 9 yrs. old when his mother died of â€Å"milk illness†, and soon his father re-married Sarah Bush Johnston. Though affectionate on his stepmother, his attitude towards his father was distant. 3 Lincoln was known to be a self-educated person and only attended 18 months of formal education. He was an athletic person standing 6 foot 4 inches, and also an active wrestler, and skilled on using axes. He was also concerned on animal welfare by significantly avoiding fishing and hunting. At the age of 22, the young Lincoln set forth on his fortune by eagerly canoeing on the Sangamon River to reach the New Salem village. Denton Offut, later that year, hired Lincoln as goods transporter from New Salem towards Sangamon by using flatboat. Early Military Service and Political Career In 1832, Abraham Lincoln started his political career at the age of 23 as an affiliate of the Whig party. Though unsuccessful on his first campaign, he proposed on the navigational enhancements of the Sangamon River. He believed that the improvement would open the door for trading utilizing the river and will eventually improved sea traffic. During the Black Hawk War, he was elected as captain of the Illinois militia that eventually gave him a sense of satisfaction. He then managed a small store for several months before winning a slot on the state legislature in 1834. 4 This gave him the opportunity to come across the Laws of England and eventually inspired him to self educate. In 1837, he was admitted to the bar and began his practice of law together with John T. Stuart. He developed a reputation of being a redoubtable antagonist on cross-examinations and closing arguments; then later on became a successful and able lawyer. He was able to serve four terms in the House of Representatives in Illinois being the representative of the Sangamon County. He made his first dispute on slavery in the House in 1837, emphasizing that the society was founded on both bad policy and injustices. This was also the year where he met his close friend, Joshua Fry Speed. He then started writing unknown letters in 1842 on the Sangamon journal, scornful of the Democrat and State auditor James Shields. Marriage and Family Lincoln married Marry Todd (see Fig. 3) on November 4, 1842 who was the daughter of a well-known slave-owner family coming from Kentucky. The couple had several offspring’s but only one had survived towards adulthood, Robert Todd Lincoln was born on August 1, 1843 at Springfield Illinois; the other children that died either during their teen years or early years were: Edward Baker (born March 10, 1846 and died February 1, 1850), William Wallace Lincoln (born December 21, 1850 and died February 20, 1862), and Thomas Lincoln (born April 4, 1853 and died July 16, 1871). Figure 2. Photograph of Mary Lincoln Legislative Activity In 1846, Lincoln was elected as a member of the United States’ House of Representatives. As a neophyte member, he was not predominantly influential or a powerful figure. Nonetheless, he relentlessly argued his objections on the Mexican-American War. He eventually challenged the then President Polk’s desire of a â€Å"military haven† and eagerly demanded for a resolution to know the exact spot on the US area the blood was first spilled. After two weeks, President Polk sent a letter of peace treaty to the Congress. 5 Lincoln later on damaged his political figure when he made a speech on the killings of children, women, and men of those murderers and â€Å"demons†, and God has forgotten to shield the innocent and the weak. This statement drew outrage among the Democrats and was held against him when he applied for a post in the administration of President Taylor. He decided to give up his political activities for a number of years and concentrated on practicing law. In his practice of law in the mid-1850, Abraham Lincoln handled a vast amount of cases focusing on different aspects. Some were common but others were celebrated such as the case of the Alton and Sangamon railroad of 1851, the civil case of Hurd V. Rock Island Bridge Company, the criminal trial of William Anderson, to name a few. Lincoln was involved in almost 5,000 cases during his 23 years of practicing law during which he appeared almost 400 times on the Supreme Court of Illinois State. Republican Politics Abraham Lincoln returned to politics as a reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which was authored by Stephen Douglas of the Democrat. Douglas argued that in a democratic settings the people have the right to choose whether or not their state will allow slavery or not, and the Congress should not impose any decisions on them. Lincoln argued on the matter and established a new Republican Party. Accepting his nomination as a Republican Senator in 1858, Lincoln delivered his famous speech where it created a reminiscent image of the possible break up or disunion caused by the slave issue. The 1860 Presidential Election Lincoln was then elected as the Republican candidate for the 1860 Presidential elections. The bearings why he was elected as the candidate stood on the premise of his stand on slavery, in addition to his perceived western origins. It was thought of he could get the West and the North was the distressed party. During the electoral campaign, Lincoln did not make any speeches for many of the Republicans handled their own State and County. Little effort was made to alter non-Republicans, and there were no relative campaigns in the South. But in the North, a large-scale campaign took place with Republicans speaking on assemblies, leaflets, and editorial newspapers were eminent. 6 The campaign focused on the platform of the party, on Lincoln’s childhood and his rise from poverty, it also showcased his natural gift of intelligence and was given several nicknames such as â€Å"Rail-Splitter† and â€Å"Honest Abe†. The campaign also emphasized on how a common farm boy can rise to adversity and become successful in life. After the election, Lincoln won the Presidency garnering a vast 39. 9% of the total votes, next is Douglas with 29. 5% of the total votes. Presidency and Civil War After Abraham Lincoln won the Presidency n 1860, several uprisings were eminent coming from the South. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the first step to leave the Union, and soon followed afterwards by six other States in the South. These seven States established a new nation called the Confederate States of America. The new nation consists the States of Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia, The newly –elected President Lincoln and former President Buchanan both refused to distinguish the newly established confederacy. Though there were several attempts to compromise, such as the Crittenden Compromise, but President Lincoln denounced the proposal and maintained his position for a unified States. He successfully evaded the assassination plot on him in Baltimore on February 23, 1861 and on his inauguration as President on March 4, 1861. Sizable troops of German- American Turners were front-lined during on his first inaugural Address. He emphasized on a unified State with strong reference on the United States constitution. But even though he exerted tremendous effort to maintain a unified State, the Confederacy was able to establish itself: therefore compromise seemed to be impossible. The inevitable happened on April 1861 when the Union troops were forced to give up the Fort Surnter and eventually surrender. The event forced President Lincoln to call some 75,000 troops to restore the forts, protect the capital state, and eventually preserved the Union. Almost 18,000 rebels were arrested and held in prison, at the same time President Lincoln negotiated with the uprising States. In July 1862, the Second Confiscation Act was implemented liberating the slaves owned by the rebels. The goal of the Act was to weaken the rebellion, which was relatively controlled and led by slave owners. This new law was termed the â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation†, had the support of the Congress for the enactment. To end slavery was the primary objective of Abraham Lincoln’s administration, but the American people were relatively slow to clinch the idea. The Act took effect in January 1, 1863 and slaves were freed on territories not under the control of the Union. As the army of the Union continued to march south, more and more slaves were freed until almost the entire Confederate’s army (mostly slaves) was liberated (approximate 3 Million people). During the war, the Battle of Gettysburg was considered the most devastating and bloodiest among the casualties of both parties. It has brought a big blow to Lincoln’s effort towards war and sentiments greatly rose on the war and to President Lincoln. Though political sentiments were eminent, Lincoln was able to establish victories on Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga: major victory was at hand. The Confederate army continued to weaken but with high casualties on the part of the Union. As the next election was near, there were fear and doubts if Lincoln would be able to sustain his leadership and win again. At the Republican convention, He was then again elected to run for Presidency alongside with Andrew Johnson. They were able to unite the War Democrats and the Republicans under a new-formed Union Party. Lincoln, with the concern of having the possibility of being defeated, made a pledge that if so he would continue to beat the Confederate before turning over the post. This pledge was sealed and signed by him and all of the representatives of the Republican Party. The eventual splitting of the Democratic Party led to the landslide victory of Lincoln garnering a total of 212 out of 233 electoral votes. He outstandingly delivered his second inaugural speech on March 4, 1865 with the victory over the Confederacy was eminent, the slavery was abolished, and he was looking forward for a new future of the Nation. Reconstruction began and his subordinates initiated the integration of the Southern States, what would be the course of action towards the defeated Confederate leaders, and also for the slaves who were freed. Amnesties were given and each affected State was under reconstruction policies. Governors were appointed on Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. The war has officially ended on April 9, 1865 with the Confederate surrendered at the court house in Appromatox. The other rebels also surrendered and there have been no any signs of rising guerilla conflict. During the war, Lincoln has subsequently used his political powers: formed a blockade, suspended relatively the writ of habeas corpus, used huge amount of money without any authorization from Congress, imprisoned without trial some 18,000 alleged Confederate leaders and sympathizers. Assassination Though Lincoln was able to unite the States and abolished slavery, many of his detractors were eagerly anticipating a hostage or a possible assassination plot against him. 7 On April 14, 1865, John Wikes Booth, a Confederate spy, shot Lincoln to the head. With only a single bodyguard on his post, Booth waited for the main line of the play, Our American Cousin, where the audience would be all laughing. He hoped that the magnitude of the audiences’ laughter would camouflage the gunshot noise. As the main line was told, Booth immediately jumped on the state box and shot Lincoln at point blank. Major Henry Rathbone struggled with Booth but eventually was injured by Booth’s knife. He jumped from the box to escape and was chased by Federal agents. A nationwide manhunt were conducted for 12 days before he was consequently cornered and shot in a barn house at Virginia, he died soon after. Abraham Lincoln, with a bullet on his skull was comatose for 9 hours before finally death crossed his path on April 15, 1865. His remains were returned to the White House and laid inside the East room. A train in a funeral grand procession passing through several states on its journey back to Illinois carried his body. Several bronze statues of himself and the tomb stood at 54 m. tall surrounded the Lincoln Tomb located at Oak Ridge Cemetery. To prevent continuous attempts to steal and hold Lincoln’s cadaver for ransom, Robert Lincoln decided to exhume the body of his father and re-buried back with several feet thick of concrete encasement. His death consequently made him a martyr and repeated polls indicated him as one of the most popular and greatest President of the United States. 8 He was clearly personified as an epitome of values in terms of integrity, honesty, love for freedom, respect for minority and individual rights. He was named after several corporations and structures such as the Lincoln National Corporation, the aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln, and the ballistic missile Abraham Lincoln, to name a few. He had several memorial statues in different States, his birthday was declared a President’s holiday, the Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery, and the Abraham Lincoln Memorial (see figure 3). Figure 3. The Abraham Lincoln Memorial Abraham Lincoln, the orator and the great debater, can be considered one of the finest Presidents of the United States. Having the gift of extraordinary knowledge, being formally educated only for 18 months, he diligently worked hard and self-studied to become a successful lawyer. He represents the common people that strived and worked hard to achieve one’s ambition. He was the pioneer in the attempt to abolished slavery, he was an advocate of human rights, and strength fully kept and re-united the States in times of rebellion and uprisings. His death, being the first U. S. President to be assassinated, was symbolic and paved the way for him to become an icon of peace, honesty, respect, and love for freedom. References [1] Thomas, Benjamin T. 1952. Abraham Lincoln: A Biography. University Press, 18. [2] Kunhardt, Philip G. 1992. Lincoln: An Illustrated Biography. Gramercy Books New York, 324 – 450. [3] Lea, Henry James D. 1909. The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln. Houghton Miffin, 65. [4] Goodwin, Doris K. 2005. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. McGraw Hill, 101. [5] Waugh, John C. 2007. One Man Great Enough: Abraham Lincoln’s Road to Civil War. Harcourt Publishing, 156. [6] Donald, David E. 2003. Lincoln Reconsidered: Essay on the Civil War Era. Simon and Schuster, 176. [7] Gienapp, William C. 2002. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: A Biography. McGraw Hill Publishing, 267. [8] Basler, Roy L. 1955. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Rutgers University Press, 67.

Lab Report (resit) 400 words. 1st question of two Essay

Lab Report (resit) 400 words. 1st question of two - Essay Example One of the parameters for IPAQ is calculation of Resting metabolic rate (RMR), incorporating fraction of inspired O2 and expired CO2 and O2 (2). Understandably, in the given experiment as the metabolic activity increased also did the minute ventilation values. However, in my opinion, the experimental design and statistical analysis need improvement to arrive to any conclusion. In table 1a, for groups 1 and 2 subject characteristics are not defined. The SD values were quite large (> 10% of mean), meaning inconsistency in the values among the subjects. An explanation to this is gender difference in respiratory response during exercise (3), assuming that both males and females are considered as subjects. Besides, moderate/low IPAQ groups are clubbed as one in the statistical treatments but there could be variation between the individual groups as well. Instead of the "t" test, which is the test of significance between a pair, it would have been appropriate to carry out one way-ANOVA. Based on the figure 1, a significant finding is that while in rest or warming up the inhalation of air is nearly similar, but during exercise, eit her the volume of air inhaled, or the number of breaths in low/moderate IPAQ group increases by far that of the high IPAQ group. Hyperventilation is an attribute set by three factors: me

Enhance HR & Fin communication Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17500 words

Enhance HR & Fin communication - Thesis Example Details of each chapter can be described in the following manner. The section will be added after completion of the project, therefore, this section will be written in past tense. Purpose of the project will be defined and sub research objectives will also be briefed in this section. Then, brief about selected research methodology will be given. Key findings of this research paper will also discussed. At the end part, 4 to 5 keywords will be added. Mainly first and second headings will be used throughout the paper and these headings will be highlighted in the table of contents part. Reference list (Works Cited for MLA) and appendices will also be added in the table of contents. Separate list of tables and figures used in the research paper will also be added after table of contents. In this section, background of the research problem titled as â€Å"Communication between Human resource Division and Finance Division in Department of Transport for the government of Abu Dhabi† will be developed. In simple words, objectives as well as necessity of this project will be stated. Theoretical arguments of different research scholars will be used to develop context/background of the research problem. In order to connect the research problem with Department of Transportation – Abu Dhabi (DoT), brief discussion will be added. However, introduction of the company will not be added. Considering suggestion of your supervisor, mission statement or value proposition of the Department of Transportation – Abu Dhabi (DoT) will be intentionally ignored in the introduction section. Gap in the literature review regarding the research problem will be highlighted in order to establish importance of the research project. Identifying gap in the literature will help t he study to justify the selection of the research topic. For example, the gap

To what extent have Standard Charges improved the practice of planning Literature review

To what extent have Standard Charges improved the practice of planning obligations in the United Kingdom - Literature review Example The most common form of Standard Charge in relation to planning is the, so called, ‘roof-tax’, which is a tariff imposed ‘on development’ (Syms 2010, p.206). Despite the initial concerns regarding the role and the value of Standard Charges, it has been proved that the specific measure could help towards the improvement of planning obligations in Britain. The ways in which the above target is achieved are analytically explained in this paper; reference is made to the potential differentiation of Standard Charges from other, similar, approaches of planning obligations practice, such as the negotiated approach. 2. Critical review of planning obligations practice The framework of the planning obligations practice in Britain has been extensively examined in the literature; the contribution of these obligations in community development has been considered as one of the most important causes of this phenomenon. However, the emphasis on the planning obligations prac tice has been also related to various political interests, as analytically explained below. ... In accordance with Ratcliffe et al (2009) in their initial form, planning obligations were considered as ‘land-use/ amenity – related gains and social/ economic – related gains (Debenham et al. 1988 in Ratcliffe et al. 2009, p. 16). Another characteristic of planning obligations system in Britain is that the specific system is based ‘upon negotiation and bargaining’ (Ratcliffe et al 2009, p.16). It is assumed that planning obligations system is not fully standardized, but it can be rather transformed and customized in accordance with the needs of each particular case. In this context, flexibility is an additional characteristic of planning obligations system; it is this characteristic, which can result to problems for the effective operation of the specific system, a gap that is covered through Standard Charges, as they are analytically explained below. The planning obligations practice in Britain has to address a series of issues, the most important of which is the demand for increase of development across the country. In a report published by the House of Commons in 2006 reference is made to the need for urban development in the greater London area (House of Commons, 2006, p.198); furthermore, it is explained that the planning obligations practice could help the efforts of the London borough – and the Councils of the surrounding boroughs also – to support land development across London so that the housing needs of the local population to be covered. In the above context, it is made clear that the planning obligations system in London ‘should ensure that increases in value are captured and used to support infrastructure investment to maximize capacity and sustainability’ (House of Commons 2006, p.198).

The competitive advantage of the Country Singapore using Porter's Essay

The competitive advantage of the Country Singapore using Porter's Competitive advantage and the Diamond factors - Essay Example We also find out in this study that, though the country has a natural small land area, the country capabilities and efficient and effective use of information technology has more than compensated for its present international position in the shipping and sea transportation industry. The country position and image has been further enhanced through electronic government that has transformed public services. This paper examined the competitive advantage of Singapore using Porters competitive advantage of nations. Porter tries to solve apparent puzzle of a country's competitive advantage, or why one country is more competitive than the other through the attributes of his competitive advantage of nations (Porter 1990).These constitute the essence of his notion of competitive advantage. Porter (1990) echoes an important question in which he provides a succinct answer. For example, "why does a nation achieve international success in a particular industry Porter argues that, the answer to this question lies in four broad attributes of a nation that shape the environments in which local firms compete and promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage." (1990:71). ... The first part of the paper examined Porter's competitive advantage of nation, the second part of the paper looks at this competitive advantage with respect to Singapore. The last part of the paper provides a brief finding conclusions and recommendations. 1.1 Porter's Competitive Advantage of Nation-Porter's Diamond Porter's essential task in his ground breaking tool was to explain why a nation would succeed in a particular industry and not in another. In the words of Porter (1990), "in global competition, firms from any nation can gain scale economies by selling worldwide" (Porter 1990:71). To the researcher, which nation's firms will do so Thus, to Porter, a range of new explanations for trade has been proposed. One is economies of scale which give the nation's firms that are able to capture them a cost advantage that allows them to export, but however this theory are fraud with gross weaknesses (Porter 1990). Porter in his ground breaking work of (1990) postulates that a nation's competitive advantage can be deduced from his four attributes of competitive advantage. These attributes include include (1) factor conditions, which he defines as: "The nation's position in factors of production, such as skilled labor or infrastructure, necessary to compete in a given industry." (Porter 1990). The second attribute in Porter's competitive advantage of Nations is the demand conditions. Porter (1990) refers to this as the nature of home demand for industry's product or service. The third attributes of Porter's competitive advantage of nations focuses on related and supporting industries, which according to Porter (1990) refers as: "The presence or

(just related to the details below) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(just related to the details below) - Essay Example The resulting paralysis caused his gradual inability to move, forage and hunt. This, therefore, resulted to Chris’ death from starvation. He died in a converted bus that was used as a shelter in backcountry, near Lake Wentitika (Krakauer 218). Chris was born in El Segundo, California. His family settled in Annandale, Virginia in 1976. This was after his father got employed as an antenna specialist for the NASA. His mother was a secretary at Hughes Aitcraft. She later assisted her husband in a home-based consulting company that he had opened in Annandale. At school, Chris was unusually strong-willed. During his adolescence, he showed physical endurance and intense idealism. He was the team captain of the cross-country team. Chris used to urge his teammates to consider the running exercise as a spiritual exercise of running against darkness forces, all the hatred and evil in the world. Chris graduated from high school in 1986 in Fairfax, Virginia. After the graduation, he travel led he travelled throughout the country using his car. This was one of Chris’ major adventures. His academic success and middle class background acted as drivers for contempt of seeing the materialism nature of the society. In 1990, Chris graduate from college with a Bachelor’s degree in anthropology and history. ... Chris loved reading and most of the people he encountered described him as intelligent. He worked at a grain elevator in Arizona, California. Chris survived being washed away by floods. However, his car was washed out, which made him to dispose off his license plate. In 1991, Chris paddled a canoe in the remote stretches of River Colorado to the California Gulf. He crossed the border and travelled to Mexico, where he got lost in the many dead-end canals. Later, Chris was rescued by duck-hunters who took him to the sea, where he stayed for some time. This made him to take pride in surviving with less funds and gear. All his life, Chris wished for an Alaskan Odyssey, where he would live in the wilderness of the land of Alaskan, free from civilization. He hoped to find his real self while in the wilderness. He kept a journal that described his progress physically and spiritually as he faced forces of nature. In 1992, he was given a ride by Jim Gallien from Fairbanks to Stampede Trail. G allien showed concern for Chris, who showed little surviving the experience in the wilderness and had minimal supplies. He did not even have a compass. He tried to persuade him to defer the trip and offered to give him a drive to Anchorage to buy supplies and suitable equipment. McCandless, however, turned down offer. Gallien allowed Chris to wander off, believing that he would head back to the highway after being struck by hunger within a few days. This was the last time Chris was seen alive. In the wilderness, McCandless came across an abandoned bus that was parked near Denali National Park and was used as a hunting shelter. He started living in the bus, off the land. He had 4.5kg of rice, a semi-automatic rifle, 400 rounds of ammunitions, some camping

Hate violence turn it of Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hate violence turn it of - Essay Example Goodman correctly points out that parents pressured elected officials to do something about the regularity of violent shows on television, and they did; a ratings system was enacted. The problem is, however, that parents don’t follow it whatsoever. Goodman also argues that by reducing what could be considered violent conduct on television shows, this restricts people like him who don’t have kids and the right to watch anything that they like. Goodman also makes the point that there were crazy people who committed violent crimes a long time before television came along, so television cannot be blamed for any actions that may or may not have occurred as a result of a television show. I agree with all the points that Goodman has mentioned in this article. Too many people are quick to point the finger at violent televisions shows whenever some mass murderer goes on a killing spree. Trying to claim that violent conduct on television directly caused that person to go and commit that crime is laughable. There may be some link between the events, but it is very weak. I thought that Goodman was correct to say that the television ratings system is generally not followed, even after parents pushed for it. This also comes down to a matter of freedom of speech; why should a regular citizen not be allowed to watch a certain television program because it contains content that may offend

Marketing Myopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Marketing Myopia - Essay Example Therefore, an efficient marketer would carefully plan and adopt strategies which are customer oriented and would try to build profitable customers relationships. In this article, the author says that marketers today focus on production and selling rather than adopting customer oriented strategies. He urges marketers to concentrate on their industries and plan their activities strategically in order to remain competitive. He also tries to motivate the marketers to study the needs of the customers to make profitable customer relationships. The main focus of this article is on providing customer value and following a customer oriented approach. The article revolves around the customer oriented approach as presented 52 years ago but can still be applied to the modern world approaches these days. In this article, the author portrays that a lot of businesses in many industries have been declining or going through the declining stage, not because of saturation of the market but because of t he shortcomings of the management. The main setback is the inability of managers to concentrate on customers and find current customer needs. ... In order to find current customer needs and wants, marketers need to carry out effective marketing research and provide only those goods and services which are actually wanted by the customers. The author gives the example of the railway business and the reasons for its decline. He explains that the railroad business concentrated on their railways instead of the benefit of transportation that it provided. Other industries were able to take away their customers not because the demand for transportation decreased (it actually increase), but because the railway business itself gave other s the opportunity of taking away their customers. The author states that the main reason for their decline was that they were product oriented instead of being customer oriented. Another example was of the Hollywood industry which concentrated on the movie business instead rather than providing entertainment to the viewers. This gave way to TV which was customer oriented and providing true entertainment to the viewers. These examples give a clear indication that being product oriented can prove to be very harmful for the company as a whole and may even force it to go out of business. There are hundreds of such examples that we see everyday and therefore, marketers as well as managers should make sure that the business adopts those strategies which are customer oriented instead of being product oriented. The main purpose of these examples is that the author wants to show the managers and marketers that a single approach of whether being product oriented or market oriented can affect their entire organization and it disregards all the other plans and work done by the management. If the marketer`s main focus is on the product and its attributes rather than on the customer and his

The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy Essay

The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy - Essay Example Arthur dent, the main character of this book has one lucky instance happening to him on a bad day. As he wakes up in the morning with a drunken hangover, Arthur finds a bulldozer outside preparing to demolish his house for making a new by-pass. While he thinks this day to be his worst, his alien friend Ford Prefect comes with the news that earth is being demolished by a Vogon construction fleet that is orbiting the earth to construct a new galactic bypass in the space. Arthur is lucky, as he along with Ford hitchhikes a lift aboard a Vogon spaceship. However, the good luck ends there as they find themselves in torturous condition, while they are finally thrown out into the open space debris. They are not perishing, as a spaceship piloted by the galaxy president Zaphod Beeblebrox along with his co-pilot Trillion spots them and picks them up into their ship. All the four along with a mentally unstable robot Marvin are now on a long search to find the lost planet, Magrathea. The meaningful chapter of the book stats next, when Arthur comes to know, in Magrathea, that the planet Earth had a purpose, to solve the riddle of life and universe. Accordingly, Earth served as a gigantic super computer, meant to find answers to these questions. As per the set calculations, the life of Earth was ten million years. However, the vogon construction fleet destroyed it 5 minutes before this. Since Arthur has survived as the only earthling, he gets a proposal to being a part of project to be named as â€Å"Earth Mark-II†. Arthur is not keen to join this research, as it requires the extraction of his brain. The question remains, as the novel has posed, about the existence of life and universe. Looking at the different adaptations of Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, the question does not get the serious attention that it deserves. Instead, the audience seems to laugh it away, taking the sudden destruction of Earth as a dream only. However, Author’s

The Lottery Essay Example for Free

The Lottery Essay Have you ever imagined being killed for winning a lottery? In â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the author does an outstanding job describing the main character, the plot, and the theme. The character Tessie Hutchinson in this story makes the reader feel as if he or she is a part of the plot. Additionally, the plot of this story is very surprising and unexpected. Jackson does a really great job writing the story, and in the end it is very easy to think about a theme. Certainly, â€Å"The Lottery† is a perfect example of a story combining an interesting plot, good characterization, and a clear theme. Tessie Hutchinson starts out being a regular citizen of the village and ends up being the main character; ultimately, she is killed. First, she is described as: â€Å"an old house woman.† This tells the reader that she probably works all day and is very tired. Next, she nearly forgets about the lottery and she arrives late. This tells us that she is exhausted and doesn’t really care about the lottery. In the end, she â€Å"wins† the lottery as Mr. Summers announces: â€Å"It’s Tessie!† Winning the lottery means being killed, and this is exactly what happens to Tessie. The subtle increasing of the level of importance of Tessie throughout the story made it more interesting to read. The plot of this story was surprising and unexpected at the same time. In the beginning, the scene is described as: â€Å"Clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day.† Ironically, this makes the reader think this is going to be a positive story. Later, we shockingly find out that: â€Å"Someone’s life is going to be over.† This clearly tells us that someone is going to die in this story. Finally, in the end Tessie screams: â€Å"It’s not fair, it isn’t right!† Lastly, the story ends and we then know that Tessie has been killed. These three significant changes that transpire during the plot make it a more compelling story. The theme of this story is to never relax until you are completely safe. A good example is Tessie. For her, it starts out being: â€Å"a normal summer morning.† Then, throughout the story her predicament completely changes. Later on, she nearly forgets about the lottery and she arrives late. Her husband asks: â€Å"Why were you late?† and she simply says that she had forgot. Lastly, she finds out that she is the winner of the lottery as Mr. Summers says: â€Å"It’s Tessie.† This means that she is the one that is going to be killed out of all the citizens of the village. After reading this story, there is one more thing to learn. This is the theme, life lesson, or moral that has just been outlined. In this story, Shirley Jackson does an outstanding job of having an interesting plot, using characterization, and including a clear theme. I really enjoyed reading this story because it was different from most stories I have read before. I like this type of story because the surprise in the end is not expected and you don’t understand it until you finish reading the whole story. This is a fine example of experiencing a result that you definitely didn’t expect. So now, be careful the next time you take part in a lottery!

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay

History Of The Industrialised Building System Construction Essay Steel framing construction is classified as one of the Industrialised Building System. However, Industrialised Building System (IBS) is common in construction industry in Malaysia. Steel framing is becoming more common in residential construction. The use of steel for framing residential construction has both advantages and disadvantages. Steel frame elements are manufactured in the factory and then will be transported to a job site for installation once it passed the inspection on it quality standard. This method has its own significance and shortage. Construction site take very high attention on the safety aspect especially when the construction is running. Safety is an issue that has no end and every year will have accidents occurred on construction site. However, it can be lead to accidence that may cause injured or dead to worker or public. Steel framing construction also having their own risk and hazard in its construction process during the installation component although it was convenient to install. For example steel column base plates are a fundamental component of a steel structure. Poor base plate installation can lead to steel columns tipping over, which can cause severe injuries or death to worker in the area. The experiences contractor on steel framing installation knows there are procedures required to pull off a high level of quality, customer satisfaction and most important safety. To make installation run smoothly it is the best to have experienced worker or else have a good safety and health management to guide and control the workers to comply with the safety rules. By the way, the major problem was poor attitude of the worker and poor management system. Aim and Objectives The overall objective for this proposal is to investigate and evaluate the safety aspects in steel framing construction. The specific objectives of this study are as follows: 1. To study the process of installation steel framing component. 2. To identify the safety aspect and the requirement during the installation process steel framing component at site. 3. To identify the level of safety during installation process at site. Problem Statement The Industrialised Building System (IBS) is not a new approach in Malaysia. It has been introduced in Malaysia since 1966. However, the most steel framing construction accidents occur because the developer or contractor lack of proper planning or using the unsafe equipments and do not follow the correct method when installation. Apart from this, unsafe site condition, not using the safety equipment that was provided, and poor attitude of workers toward safety during installation process also the issues that causes accident. Therefore, it indicated that there is lack of consideration of safety and risk evaluation in IBS construction. Based on the information from Social Security Organization (SOCSO), Malaysia recorded a worrying increase in the numbers of accident occurring at construction site. It shows that a total of 4654 out of 73858 industrial accidents recorded in 2003 were come from the construction industry. (Mohammed Taher Alashwal, 2008). But it different if used steel framing system, the statistic from CIDB shows the accidents are 50% from heavy lifting, 20% installation, 10% other factor, and other 10% from during transportation component to storage accidents. Scope of study The scope of this study is focussed on safety aspects on installation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) which specific in steel framing construction. This study is to identify the safety aspect during the steel framing construction at the installation stage. The information will be collected from observation, interviews, internet resources, journal and some of the documents. 1. This study covers Industrialised Building System specific in steel framing. 2. This study identifies the safety requirements within the installation stage of steel framing construction. 3. Information will be collected at Kuala Lumpur and Selangor area. Methodology Interview In this research proposal, interviewed is to be conducted with the contractor which are using steel framing system for their project or any other relevant position of staff within construction site to get the information. 4 to 5 interview question will be set which related to my research objective there are to identify the safety aspect and requirement during the installation process of steel framing component at site and to identify the level of safety during installation process at site. After that, I will do an summary based on the information that I collect from the respondent. Face to face interview will be conducted and several questions will be asked and the answer will be recorded down. Face to face interview is chosen because it was very convenient for the respondent and interviewee to discuss and different date collection techniques can be used for example open-ended questions and visual aids can improve the understanding of interviewee. Desktop based review To improve my understanding and experience to do future thesis, I will using desktop based review as my secondary data collection techniques which reading through the articles, journal papers, conference papers, books and websites browsing related to my title. Through this method I can have better understanding on the process of installation steel framing component before I go to the construction site visit to do observation. So when I go to the site visit, I can directly go to the point of the installation process and can easily understand the information given by the respondent to get the good idea to write my research. Review of previous research and book done by other people also make me more familiar with the correct way to do research in this topic and also increase the accuracy. Observation Besides, observation will as my one of the method to collect data to identify the level of safety during installation process at site. Besides, I also will observe on the process of installation steel framing component to fulfil my objective. I will make appointment with the contractor which using steel framing system to have a site visit at his construction site to observe the going of project specific in installation process of steel framing system. I also will take a reference on the lay out plans for steel frame component, steel frame installation guide, and other communications which provide by contractor. The important of study Through this research, the contractor which specific on steel framing construction can use this as a guide for them to review their safety requirement when installation of the steel framing component to reduce the rate of accident of construction work in Malaysia.

Advantages Of Banner Advertising Marketing Essay

Advantages Of Banner Advertising Marketing Essay The key of successful business is the business how to promote the product and services to all readers by using the online. According to the statistical data, more of the 80% people will everyday surf through the technologically such as internet. So, the internet has becomes an indispensable part of peoples lives. Thus, it can be considered a wide channel for the business which wants to promote their products and services to all the people. The online advertising method has becomes the most popular method for the business. It is because online advertising is easy and low advertising cost. Besides that, the online advertising also have a lot of the readers or viewers. There are many method of online advertising that can used to promote the product and services such as bloggers advertising, banner advertising, email advertising, forum advertising and so on. But in this assignment, I would like to go on deep about the banner advertising. Advantages of Banner Advertising Banner Advertising is a most important component of web-business creation. It is a good method for make profits via the website. It is because banner advertising is very simple and easy by just sign up an affiliate programs and follow the instruction given to create an attractive banner that link your website with the advertiser. We can free to choose the design of the layout and content of our site. With the pay-per-click advertisements, we can get paid from viewer who clicked on your banner. Moreover, it is easier for viewers to remember the company name. On the other hand, it become more effective and convenience compare when compare with other online advertising. Furthermore, the banner advertising is inexpensive. It normally counts by the size of the banner or loads of a banner advertisement, a cost per miles (CPM) for a minimum purchase. For example, if you make a banner ad on Yahoo, it cost you a CPM of $20 $25. It is much cheaper than other advertising media. Compare with others, the small firm or company can afford for the banner advertising cost. In addition, by using the banner advertising that can easy got a lot of larger audiences and target segments can be accessed. Last but not least, with the banner advertising, we can share the information at anywhere and in any times. It is because the internet is links worldwide. So, everyone can access to the Internet 24 hours daily thus the banner advertisement created can be logged on anytime and anyplace. Besides that, publisher also update the product and service information release products and services as well as promotion instantly. Disadvantages of Banner Advertising There are few disadvantages of banner advertising. Firstly, there is no assurance of the audience responses. It is because banner only assures that the banner advertising maybe will just be viewed by people and is no guarantee that people will click on the banner advertising. Secondly, the publisher must make sure that the banner advertising are attractive and innovative. It is because if the banner advertising is not attracted by the reader, then nobody would click into the banner advertising and deliver the message advertising . It is waste time and cost because maybe the business or firm need to hire the professional for creating a unique banner in order to compete with the competitors. The speed will also affected the effect of the banner advertising. It is because many graphics, moving image or video will take more time to load and waiting the image appears. This and the idea that designer create will become mess, it will be discourage some viewers and readers. Finally, the publisher can only know about the number of views of the banner advertising but unable to estimate the effective of the advertising. It is because it may be unreliable on the revenue generated from the pay-per-click basic is precisely. The affiliate program may have error in counting the access time of the viewers. Furthermore, there are too many incidents of cheating in Internet, viewers will have a thought before clicking into any ads due to afraid of fraud cases and the viruses spread. This eventually brings negative effect on those banner advertising who advertise through online. Improvement Banners adv is most popular for the marketers. But in the recently years, the prices of the banner advertising are drop and also not so attracted by the people. So, the designer must use the bright color for the advertising. It is because bright color can easy attract the readers attraction. Besides that, the slogan for the advertisement needs to be improved. The slogan must be short and clear that can let the readers understanding the contents of the advertising. Besides that, the best way to advertise the banner advertising is using animate. Comparing the static advertising and animated advertising, animated advertising can attract more the readers. All the animation effect can be more easily to express the meaning of advertising. On the other hand, if the banner advertising want increase viewer, the advertising picture must load quickly. It is because most all the viewers do not have so much patience, it is not suitable for the viewer waiting so long. So, we must let our advertising loading faster. http://www.ehow.com/how_2343698_improve-conversion-ratio-banner-ads.html http://managementhelp.org/ad_prmot/ad_prmot.htm#anchor429496 managementhelp. 2010. Advertising and Promotions. [ONLINE] Available at: http://managementhelp.org/ad_prmot/ad_prmot.htm#anchor429496. [Accessed 18 November 10]. http://www.cxdigitalmedia.com/advertisers.php cxdigitalmedia. 2010. Maximize Online Advertising Results. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cxdigitalmedia.com/advertisers.php. [Accessed 19 November 10]. http://tools.devshed.com/c/a/Website-Advertising/Internet-Advertising-Methods/ Developer Shed. 2003. Website Advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: http://tools.devshed.com/c/a/Website-Advertising/Internet-Advertising-Methods/. [Accessed 17 November 10]. http://trevorweir.com/5682/various-methods-of-online-advertising/ Henry Woody. 2010. Various Methods Of Online Advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: http://trevorweir.com/5682/various-methods-of-online-advertising/. [Accessed 19 November 10]. http://www.web-source.net/internet_advertising.htm Brajusta Publishing, Inc. 1997. Online Advertising / Web Advertising / Business Advertising . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.web-source.net/internet_advertising.htm. [Accessed 17 November 10]. http://www.bmcommunications.com/int_ad.htm Prudens Consulting Ltd. 2010. Online Banner Advertising Other Advertising Methods. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bmcommunications.com/int_ad.htm. [Accessed 19 November 10]. http://www.cxdigitalmedia.com/online-advertising/internet-advertising.php Cxdigitalmedia. 2009. Methods of Internet Advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cxdigitalmedia.com/online-advertising/internet-advertising.php. [Accessed 18 November 10]. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-most-popular-online-advertising-methods.html Buzzle. 2009. The Most Popular Online Advertising Methods. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-most-popular-online-advertising-methods.html. [Accessed 16 November 10]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising Wikipedia. 2009. Online advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising. [Accessed 19 November 10]. http://myadengine.com/ Myadengine. 2010. The easiest way to advertise online. [ONLINE] Available at: http://myadengine.com/. [Accessed 17 November 10]. http://www.facebook.com/advertising/?campaign_id=217255663720placement=broadcreative=5813532272keyword=online+advertisingextra_1=2f191f72-aaad-8368-f3d9-000070292583 Facebook. 2010. Facebook advertisment. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.facebook.com/advertising/?campaign_id=217255663720placement=broadcreative=5813532272keyword=online+advertisingextra_1=2f191f72-aaad-8368-f3d9-000070292583. [Accessed 17 November 10]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_ad Wikipedia. 2010. Web banner. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_ad. [Accessed 15 November 10]. http://wiki.media-culture.org.au/index.php/Online_Advertising_-_History Skye Salleras . 2004. Online Advertising History. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wiki.media-culture.org.au/index.php/Online_Advertising_-_History. [Accessed 17 November 10]. http://www.davesite.com/internet/webads.shtml Dave Kristula. 1996. Banner Advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.davesite.com/internet/webads.shtml. [Accessed 19 November 10]. http://www.articlealley.com/article_690918_81.html Articlealley. 2010. Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Advertising. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.articlealley.com/article_690918_81.html. [Accessed 18 November 10].

Comparing To His Coy Mistress and One Flesh :: Papers

Comparing To His Coy Mistress and One Flesh These are two poems wrote at very different times, and have some very different views about love and what is contained in love. Andrew Marvell wrote 'To His Coy Mistress,' in the 17th century has views are of a man thinking about his sex life. 'One Flesh,' written by Elizabeth Jennings in the 20th century has views from a daughter looking at her parents with a sympathetic view. In 'To His Coy Mistress,' the language within this poem is much like the style of language used in Shakespeare's work, and it would seem they had similar interests and motives on writing their pieces. It seems that the only reason for Marvell to write this poem was to try and get his Lady-friend to advance their caring relationship into a sexual relationship. Within this poem all he is really doing is trying to persuade his girlfriend to change her mind about wanting to die pure and innocent, as she wants to die a virgin, and goes about this by describing some horrific images. This could show that he wants her to be scared out of her state of mind and into his beliefs. He starts off trying to sweeten her into wanting to have sex with him, he says Had we but world enough, and time, This coyness, Lady, were no crime. We would sit down, and think which way -------------------------------------- To talk, and pass our long love's day. He is saying here that if there were a limitless amount of time we would be able to go out and just think about talking to each other, but because life is short we can't do that so take a chance and do it. Then he goes onto say that in an ideal world one would have time to go to such places as India and search for ruby's and he would not complain because he would have endless amounts of time with her, but this isn't an ideal world. Here he is just reinforcing his previous

Perils Of Obedience :: essays research papers

The Perils of Obedience This experiment is a test to see if people are naturally aggressive. Milgram does not believe that people are naturally aggressive. Although some people think people are naturally aggressive. Ordinary people can be part of a bad course of actions without having any anger toward then victim. In finding that people are not naturally aggressive. Milgram now alters the experiment to find out why do people act the way they do. He compiled the experiment to answer, why do people obey authority, even when the actions are against their own morals. One reason is to please authority. People in general like the feeling they get when they are doing a good job. Even though they know what they are doing is morally wrong, the way they tried to justify themselves is by verbally disagreeing. By doing this they feel that they are "on the side of the angels". A lot of people do not have the ability to disobey authority. Another reason people obey is that they have a sense of obligation to their duty. This is just the whole idea of completing the job that’s given to you. Some people have a fear of being perceived as brash, or rude. In general, people want to present themselves in the best way possible. Civilian obedience also comes from the sense that the responsibility for the victim is not their own. Since they do not have the blood on their hands, so to speak, their actions do not effect them. It was found that the reasons for obedience are not only psychological but sociological as well. Milgram provides the idea of division of labor. As long as the product comes from an assembly line, there is no one person to blame.

Keats’ Fear and Tichborne’s Acceptance: Death Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Death is inevitable. Chidiock Tichborne and John Keats in their poems â€Å"Tichborne’s Elegy† and â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be† convey death in opposite ways. Tichborne through his poetic style, shows an acceptance of his death, as a result of reflecting on a life fulfilled, but unrecognized. While Keats, expresses a fear of death, where he contemplates that he will not be able to experience love or fame. Both these poets have lead lives that varied from each other in ways that are most revealed through their use of form, metaphors, repetition, punctuation and rhyme schemes. Moreover, both poets express and explore deep rooted human emotions such as, nostalgia, pain, love and a feeling of insatiability. Although â€Å"Tichborne’s Elegy† and â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be† share a common theme because each speaker contemplates the inevitability of his death, their perceptions differ mainly as a result of thei r circumstances. John Keats explores his fear of death in â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be† in the form of a Shakespearean Sonnet. The poem contains three quatrains that interlock his primary fears together, leading to a couplet that expresses his remedy and final thoughts. His primary fears are expressed with respect to the abab cdcd efef gg rhyme scheme of the Shakespearean Sonnet, with each fear contained in each rhyming quatrain. His first fear, in the first quatrain is dying without living up to his full potential as a writer, when he states, â€Å"Before my pen has glean’d my teeming brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2). This line indicates that he has not expressed through his pen, all that is on his mind, and leads into the second quatrain with the use of a semicolon which suggests that the next part of the poem is connecte... ...eats as well, when he refers to â€Å"†¦the shore of the wide world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  it symbolizes the world of his experiences, which he ponders on. It is only by deeper inspection of these symbols can a clear idea of what the poets are expressing be understood. By comparing both these poems, it is evident that although death is the focus of both these poems, Tichborne has accepted it, while Keats fears it, but has found a way to resolve his fears. Works Cited " Hatzitsinidou , Evangelia . "Fates(Moirae)-the spinners of the thread of life." Greek-Gods.Info- Greek Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greece. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. . Vendler, Helen. "The Poem as Life, The Poems as Arranged Life." Poems, Poets, Poetry: An Introduction and Anthology. Third Edition ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. 18,68. Print.

Anatomy and Physiology

Exam Review, Units 1-4 1. The smallest structures that biologists consider being alive are A. organisms. B. organs. C. macromolecules. D. cells. E. organelles. Review levels of organization. 2. Cells contain smaller structures called ___ that carry out their metabolic functions. Review the structure of the cell and know the functions of each of the organelles. 3. Many physiological processes are controlled by self-correcting ___ loops. 4. ___ is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions. Make sure you review homeostasis, positive feedback loops, and negative feedback loops. . All chemical change in the body is collectively called ___. Look at the chemistry worksheet. Know the terms listed in the worksheet and their definitions. 6. Anabolism occurs when complex molecules are made from simpler ones. True False 7. Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four month s and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was theA. control group. B. test group. C. placebo group. D. peer group. E. double-blind group. Review the scientific method. 8. Any chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not consumed by it is called a/an___ or _____. 9. Fats are digested by enzymes called A. lipases. B. proteases. C. glycolases. D. carboxylases. E. sterolases. Review the action of enzymes, method of naming enzymes, and the structure of a protein. 10. A positively charged ion is known as a(n) __________. 11. The chemical symbol for potassium is _________. 12. Consider sodium, which has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23.How many outer or valence electrons does it have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 8 D. 11 E. 23 13. The sharing of electrons in their outer orbital describes what type of chemical bond? Know how ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds are made. 14. What is the fate of oil droplets in water? Why? A. It will dissolve in the water because oil is hydrophilic. B. It will stay as separate oil drops because oil is hydrophilic. C. It will become more hydrophilic and partially dissolve in water. D. It will merge together to form one large oil drop because oil is hydrophobic. E. It will merge together to from one large oil drop because oil is hydrophilic.Review the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. 15. The polysaccharide that is stored in humans in the liver and muscle is called _____ and is made up of the monomer or monosaccharide called ______. A. cellulose; glucose B. starch; glucose C. lactose; glucose + galactose D. glycogen; glucose E. sucrose; glucose + fructose Review the structure of carbohydrates, lipids (phospholipids), proteins, and nuclei acids. 16. Where is most of the ATP made within the cell? In the A. cytoplasm. B. mitochondria. C. lysosomes. D. vacuoles. E. Golgi a pparatus. Review the function of the organelles within the cell. 7. The plasma membrane is said to be ___ because it allows some substances to pass through but excludes others. Know the make-up of the plasma membrane. 18. The plasma membrane is composed mainly of protein and ___ molecules. 19. Channel proteins that can open or close their pores in response to changes in voltage across the plasma membrane are called ___. 20. Programmed cell death is carried out by a process called apoptosis. True False 21. Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a â€Å"brush border† composed of ___, which are cell extensions that increase surface area. 22.What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed? A. exocytosis B. active transport C. ciliary beating D. protein synthesis E. osmosis Review the function of the various organelles in the cell. 23. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell is called __________. Review the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. 24. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?A. solute will move from solution A to solution B B. solute will move from solution B to solution A C. water will more from solution A to solution B D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur 25. A red blood cell is placed in a 5% salt solution. This solution would be described as ________ and will cause the cell to _____. Review osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and the active transport processes. Know the concentration of normal saline (0. 9%). 26. If a DNA molecule has 12% thymine, how much guanine will it have? A. 6% B. 12%C. 24% D. 38% E. 76% Review the structure of DNA and RNA. 27. You were able to radioactively tag an amino acid that is used to m ake insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be A. free ribosome ; cytosol ; vesicle ; extracellular fluid. B. rough ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. C. rough ER ; smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. D. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. E. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; lysosome ; extracellular fluid. Review secretion. 28.In anatomical terms, referring to the front and back, the pectoral region is what to the scapular region? 29. Which term can be used to describe the serous membrane that lines a cavity? 30. The elbow is what to the wrist? Review the directional terms, planes of sectioning, and abdominal areas. 31. After a cartilage cell becomes trapped in a lacuna, it is called a chondrocyte. True False Review the function of each of the following cells: chondroblast, chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast. Name the four types of tiss ues. Review the functions of the various tissues. There will be a few pictures of the some tissues on the final.They will be fairly recognizable. 32. A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is 33. ___ are single mucus-secreting cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes. A. Mast cells B. Goblet cells C. Endocrine cells D. Myocytes E. Histiocytes 34. A ___ is a relatively impenetrable attachment between two epithelial cells. A. plasma membrane B. desmosome C. tight junction D. gap junction Review the types of intracellular junctions found between cells. 35. Tendons and ligaments are made predominantly of the protein A. keratin. B. fibrin. C. actin. D. collagen. E. elastin.Review the structure of tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis. Know what each does. 36. A tissue containing ~20 layers of flat cells is called A. simple squamous. B. simple cuboidal. C. simple columnar. D. pseudostratified columnar. E. stratified squamous. 37. The area of the neuron w hich houses the nucleus is called the ______, while the long single extension that sends electrical signals to other cells is called the ______. A. neuroglia; axon B. soma; axon C. soma; dendrite D. dendrite; axon E. soma; nerve Review neuronal structure. 38. The electrical charge difference across plasma membranes of all cells is called the A. esting membrane potential. B. depolarization phase. C. action potential. D. repolarization phase. E. hyperpolarization phase. Review an action potential and resting membrane potential. 39. You decided to become buff and started seriously lifting weights. After six months you began to notice that some of your muscles increased in size. This increase in size was due to _____ of the muscle cells. A. hyperplasia B. neoplasia C. hypertrophy D. metaplasia. E. atrophy Review the definitions of the terms in the choices above. 40. The holocrine glands of the skin secrete ___. Review the sheet on glands and glandular structure.Review mucous and serous membranes. 41. Thick skin is found A. on the lips. B. on the bottom of the foot. C. between the shoulders. D. on the abdomen. E. on the buttocks. 42. Areolar tissue is found in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum spinosum. D. the papillary layer. E. the reticular layer. 43. The fastest rate of mitosis is seen in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum granulosum. D. the stratum spinosum. E. the stratum basale. Know the order of the layers in the epidermis and dermis. Know the types of tissues found in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. 4. A tendon connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a ___ connects one bone to another. 45. Cells called ___ deposit matrix at the surface of a bone 46. Hematopoiesis typically occurs in A. the epiphyseal plate. B. the articular cartilages. C. the red bone marrow. D. the yellow bone marrow. E. the gelatinous bone marrow. 47. Calcium homeostasis in adults is maintained mainly by A. calcitonin. B. calcit riol. C. vitamin D. D. parathyroid hormone. E. hydroxyapatite. Review the action of calcitonin, vit. D, and parathyroid hormones and their effects on bones. 48. Most bones develop from A. hyaline cartilage.B. osseous tissue. C. bone marrow. D. endoderm. E. fibrocartilage Know the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 49. Bones found in the forearm are A. flat bones. B. sesamoid bones. C. spongy bones. D. long bones. E. irregular bones. Review the structure of a long bone and the microscopic structure of bone. 50. The periosteum is a connective tissue sheath which lines the _____ of bones and fuses with bones by way of _____ fibers. A. outer surface; elastic B. inner surface; reticular C. outer surface; perforating D. inner surface; perforating E. outer surface; actin 51.The ilium, ischium and pubis make up a bone called ____. 52. The part of the ethmoid bone which allows nerve fibers for the sense of smell to pass directly into the brain is called the ___ ___? 53. Which movement is limited to the foot? A. pronation B. elevation C. dorsiflexion D. abduction E. circumduction Review the movements and recognize a description of a movement. 54. This part of a synovial joint appears at the ends of the long bones. A. articular cartilage B. fibrous capsule C. synovial membrane D. meniscus E. bursa Review the parts of the synovial joint. 55. The elbow is an example of what type of joint?A. hinge B. saddle C. gliding D. condyloid E. ball and socket 56. The fibrocartilage discs of the knees are called the _____ and the ligaments which prevent hyperextension and prevent the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia are the _____ ligaments. A. menisci; popliteal B. collateral ligaments; cruciate C. menisci; cruciate D. menisci; collateral E. bursae; collateral Review the microscopic structure of cartilage. Know the three types of cartilage and recognize which is the strongest. 57. The rotator cuff includes tendons of all of the following musc les except A. the subscapularis.B. the biceps brachii. C. the infraspinatus. D. the teres minor. E. the supraspinatus. Know the rotator cuff muscles. 58. ___ are straplike muscles of uniform width whose fascicles all run in the same direction. A. Convergent muscles B. Pennate muscles C. Rectilinear muscles D. Fusiform muscles E. Parallel muscles Review the organizations of muscles . Know the difference between an aponeurosis and a tendon. 59. In skeletal muscle, groups of muscle cells are called _____ and are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ______. A. fascicles, endomysium B. fascicles, perimysium C. asciae, epimysium D. fasciae, endomysium E. fascicles, epimysium Know the terms endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. Review the related terms for nerve structure also. 60. The muscular dome between the abdominal and thoracic cavity is the A. central tendon. B. diaphragm. C. external intercostals. D. internal intercostals. E. transverse abdominis. There will be a fe w questions like this one related to major muscles in the body. 61. One motor nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called a ___. 62. A plasma membrane is said to be ___ if there is a difference in charge n opposite sides of it. 63. The ___ theory is the current model of how a muscle fiber contracts. Review the sliding filament theory of muscle movement including the structures found in a muscle cell. 64. Motor nerve fibers release a neurotransmitter called ___, which makes skeletal muscle fibers contract. 65. Which of the following is/are voluntary muscle? A. smooth muscle B. cardiac muscle C. skeletal muscle D. visceral muscle E. intestinal muscle 66. Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of A. the sarcomeres. B. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.C. the endomysium. D. the myofibrils. E. the T tubules. Review the structure of a muscle fiber. 67. When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration, a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from A. cyclic adenosine monophosphate. B. creatine phosphate. C. phospholipids. D. cholinesterase. E. creatine kinase. Review cellular respiration, fermentation, and the phosphagen system for production of ATP. 68. Posture is maintained mainly by ___ fibers because they fatigue _____. A. slow-twitch; slowly B. white; slowly C. type II; rapidly D. fast-twitch; rapidlyE. fast glycolytic; slowly Review the difference between slow and fast twitch muscles. Review the structure of the neuromuscular junction. 69. Which of the following is an organ system? a. connective b. circulatory c. hypogastric d. epidermal Review the organ systems. 70. Which of the following processes does not occur in cellular respiration? a. glycolysis b. transition reaction c. fermentation d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport chain Review the processes in cellular respiration and fermentation. Answers 1. D 2. organelles 3. negative feedback 4. homeostasis 5. metabolism 6. true 7. A 8. atalysts, enzymes 9. A 10. cation 11. K 12. A 13. covalent 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. selectively permeable 18. phospholipid 19. voltage gated channels 20. true 21. microvilli 22. D 23. metaphase 24. D 25. hypertonic, shrink 26. D 27. B 28. anterior 29. parietal 30. proximal 31. true 32. adipose 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. E 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. sebum 41. B 42. D 43. E 44. ligament 45. osteoblasts. 46. C 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. coxal 52. cribriform plate 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. E 59. B 60. B 61. motor unit 62. polarized 63. sliding filament 64. acetylcholine 65. C 66. E 67. B 68. A 69. B 70. C Anatomy and Physiology Exam Review, Units 1-4 1. The smallest structures that biologists consider being alive are A. organisms. B. organs. C. macromolecules. D. cells. E. organelles. Review levels of organization. 2. Cells contain smaller structures called ___ that carry out their metabolic functions. Review the structure of the cell and know the functions of each of the organelles. 3. Many physiological processes are controlled by self-correcting ___ loops. 4. ___ is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions. Make sure you review homeostasis, positive feedback loops, and negative feedback loops. . All chemical change in the body is collectively called ___. Look at the chemistry worksheet. Know the terms listed in the worksheet and their definitions. 6. Anabolism occurs when complex molecules are made from simpler ones. True False 7. Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four month s and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was theA. control group. B. test group. C. placebo group. D. peer group. E. double-blind group. Review the scientific method. 8. Any chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not consumed by it is called a/an___ or _____. 9. Fats are digested by enzymes called A. lipases. B. proteases. C. glycolases. D. carboxylases. E. sterolases. Review the action of enzymes, method of naming enzymes, and the structure of a protein. 10. A positively charged ion is known as a(n) __________. 11. The chemical symbol for potassium is _________. 12. Consider sodium, which has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23.How many outer or valence electrons does it have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 8 D. 11 E. 23 13. The sharing of electrons in their outer orbital describes what type of chemical bond? Know how ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds are made. 14. What is the fate of oil droplets in water? Why? A. It will dissolve in the water because oil is hydrophilic. B. It will stay as separate oil drops because oil is hydrophilic. C. It will become more hydrophilic and partially dissolve in water. D. It will merge together to form one large oil drop because oil is hydrophobic. E. It will merge together to from one large oil drop because oil is hydrophilic.Review the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. 15. The polysaccharide that is stored in humans in the liver and muscle is called _____ and is made up of the monomer or monosaccharide called ______. A. cellulose; glucose B. starch; glucose C. lactose; glucose + galactose D. glycogen; glucose E. sucrose; glucose + fructose Review the structure of carbohydrates, lipids (phospholipids), proteins, and nuclei acids. 16. Where is most of the ATP made within the cell? In the A. cytoplasm. B. mitochondria. C. lysosomes. D. vacuoles. E. Golgi a pparatus. Review the function of the organelles within the cell. 7. The plasma membrane is said to be ___ because it allows some substances to pass through but excludes others. Know the make-up of the plasma membrane. 18. The plasma membrane is composed mainly of protein and ___ molecules. 19. Channel proteins that can open or close their pores in response to changes in voltage across the plasma membrane are called ___. 20. Programmed cell death is carried out by a process called apoptosis. True False 21. Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a â€Å"brush border† composed of ___, which are cell extensions that increase surface area. 22.What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed? A. exocytosis B. active transport C. ciliary beating D. protein synthesis E. osmosis Review the function of the various organelles in the cell. 23. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell is called __________. Review the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. 24. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?A. solute will move from solution A to solution B B. solute will move from solution B to solution A C. water will more from solution A to solution B D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur 25. A red blood cell is placed in a 5% salt solution. This solution would be described as ________ and will cause the cell to _____. Review osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and the active transport processes. Know the concentration of normal saline (0. 9%). 26. If a DNA molecule has 12% thymine, how much guanine will it have? A. 6% B. 12%C. 24% D. 38% E. 76% Review the structure of DNA and RNA. 27. You were able to radioactively tag an amino acid that is used to m ake insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be A. free ribosome ; cytosol ; vesicle ; extracellular fluid. B. rough ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. C. rough ER ; smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. D. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. E. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; lysosome ; extracellular fluid. Review secretion. 28.In anatomical terms, referring to the front and back, the pectoral region is what to the scapular region? 29. Which term can be used to describe the serous membrane that lines a cavity? 30. The elbow is what to the wrist? Review the directional terms, planes of sectioning, and abdominal areas. 31. After a cartilage cell becomes trapped in a lacuna, it is called a chondrocyte. True False Review the function of each of the following cells: chondroblast, chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast. Name the four types of tiss ues. Review the functions of the various tissues. There will be a few pictures of the some tissues on the final.They will be fairly recognizable. 32. A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is 33. ___ are single mucus-secreting cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes. A. Mast cells B. Goblet cells C. Endocrine cells D. Myocytes E. Histiocytes 34. A ___ is a relatively impenetrable attachment between two epithelial cells. A. plasma membrane B. desmosome C. tight junction D. gap junction Review the types of intracellular junctions found between cells. 35. Tendons and ligaments are made predominantly of the protein A. keratin. B. fibrin. C. actin. D. collagen. E. elastin.Review the structure of tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis. Know what each does. 36. A tissue containing ~20 layers of flat cells is called A. simple squamous. B. simple cuboidal. C. simple columnar. D. pseudostratified columnar. E. stratified squamous. 37. The area of the neuron w hich houses the nucleus is called the ______, while the long single extension that sends electrical signals to other cells is called the ______. A. neuroglia; axon B. soma; axon C. soma; dendrite D. dendrite; axon E. soma; nerve Review neuronal structure. 38. The electrical charge difference across plasma membranes of all cells is called the A. esting membrane potential. B. depolarization phase. C. action potential. D. repolarization phase. E. hyperpolarization phase. Review an action potential and resting membrane potential. 39. You decided to become buff and started seriously lifting weights. After six months you began to notice that some of your muscles increased in size. This increase in size was due to _____ of the muscle cells. A. hyperplasia B. neoplasia C. hypertrophy D. metaplasia. E. atrophy Review the definitions of the terms in the choices above. 40. The holocrine glands of the skin secrete ___. Review the sheet on glands and glandular structure.Review mucous and serous membranes. 41. Thick skin is found A. on the lips. B. on the bottom of the foot. C. between the shoulders. D. on the abdomen. E. on the buttocks. 42. Areolar tissue is found in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum spinosum. D. the papillary layer. E. the reticular layer. 43. The fastest rate of mitosis is seen in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum granulosum. D. the stratum spinosum. E. the stratum basale. Know the order of the layers in the epidermis and dermis. Know the types of tissues found in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. 4. A tendon connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a ___ connects one bone to another. 45. Cells called ___ deposit matrix at the surface of a bone 46. Hematopoiesis typically occurs in A. the epiphyseal plate. B. the articular cartilages. C. the red bone marrow. D. the yellow bone marrow. E. the gelatinous bone marrow. 47. Calcium homeostasis in adults is maintained mainly by A. calcitonin. B. calcit riol. C. vitamin D. D. parathyroid hormone. E. hydroxyapatite. Review the action of calcitonin, vit. D, and parathyroid hormones and their effects on bones. 48. Most bones develop from A. hyaline cartilage.B. osseous tissue. C. bone marrow. D. endoderm. E. fibrocartilage Know the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 49. Bones found in the forearm are A. flat bones. B. sesamoid bones. C. spongy bones. D. long bones. E. irregular bones. Review the structure of a long bone and the microscopic structure of bone. 50. The periosteum is a connective tissue sheath which lines the _____ of bones and fuses with bones by way of _____ fibers. A. outer surface; elastic B. inner surface; reticular C. outer surface; perforating D. inner surface; perforating E. outer surface; actin 51.The ilium, ischium and pubis make up a bone called ____. 52. The part of the ethmoid bone which allows nerve fibers for the sense of smell to pass directly into the brain is called the ___ ___? 53. Which movement is limited to the foot? A. pronation B. elevation C. dorsiflexion D. abduction E. circumduction Review the movements and recognize a description of a movement. 54. This part of a synovial joint appears at the ends of the long bones. A. articular cartilage B. fibrous capsule C. synovial membrane D. meniscus E. bursa Review the parts of the synovial joint. 55. The elbow is an example of what type of joint?A. hinge B. saddle C. gliding D. condyloid E. ball and socket 56. The fibrocartilage discs of the knees are called the _____ and the ligaments which prevent hyperextension and prevent the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia are the _____ ligaments. A. menisci; popliteal B. collateral ligaments; cruciate C. menisci; cruciate D. menisci; collateral E. bursae; collateral Review the microscopic structure of cartilage. Know the three types of cartilage and recognize which is the strongest. 57. The rotator cuff includes tendons of all of the following musc les except A. the subscapularis.B. the biceps brachii. C. the infraspinatus. D. the teres minor. E. the supraspinatus. Know the rotator cuff muscles. 58. ___ are straplike muscles of uniform width whose fascicles all run in the same direction. A. Convergent muscles B. Pennate muscles C. Rectilinear muscles D. Fusiform muscles E. Parallel muscles Review the organizations of muscles . Know the difference between an aponeurosis and a tendon. 59. In skeletal muscle, groups of muscle cells are called _____ and are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ______. A. fascicles, endomysium B. fascicles, perimysium C. asciae, epimysium D. fasciae, endomysium E. fascicles, epimysium Know the terms endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. Review the related terms for nerve structure also. 60. The muscular dome between the abdominal and thoracic cavity is the A. central tendon. B. diaphragm. C. external intercostals. D. internal intercostals. E. transverse abdominis. There will be a fe w questions like this one related to major muscles in the body. 61. One motor nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called a ___. 62. A plasma membrane is said to be ___ if there is a difference in charge n opposite sides of it. 63. The ___ theory is the current model of how a muscle fiber contracts. Review the sliding filament theory of muscle movement including the structures found in a muscle cell. 64. Motor nerve fibers release a neurotransmitter called ___, which makes skeletal muscle fibers contract. 65. Which of the following is/are voluntary muscle? A. smooth muscle B. cardiac muscle C. skeletal muscle D. visceral muscle E. intestinal muscle 66. Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of A. the sarcomeres. B. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.C. the endomysium. D. the myofibrils. E. the T tubules. Review the structure of a muscle fiber. 67. When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration, a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from A. cyclic adenosine monophosphate. B. creatine phosphate. C. phospholipids. D. cholinesterase. E. creatine kinase. Review cellular respiration, fermentation, and the phosphagen system for production of ATP. 68. Posture is maintained mainly by ___ fibers because they fatigue _____. A. slow-twitch; slowly B. white; slowly C. type II; rapidly D. fast-twitch; rapidlyE. fast glycolytic; slowly Review the difference between slow and fast twitch muscles. Review the structure of the neuromuscular junction. 69. Which of the following is an organ system? a. connective b. circulatory c. hypogastric d. epidermal Review the organ systems. 70. Which of the following processes does not occur in cellular respiration? a. glycolysis b. transition reaction c. fermentation d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport chain Review the processes in cellular respiration and fermentation. Answers 1. D 2. organelles 3. negative feedback 4. homeostasis 5. metabolism 6. true 7. A 8. atalysts, enzymes 9. A 10. cation 11. K 12. A 13. covalent 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. selectively permeable 18. phospholipid 19. voltage gated channels 20. true 21. microvilli 22. D 23. metaphase 24. D 25. hypertonic, shrink 26. D 27. B 28. anterior 29. parietal 30. proximal 31. true 32. adipose 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. E 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. sebum 41. B 42. D 43. E 44. ligament 45. osteoblasts. 46. C 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. coxal 52. cribriform plate 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. E 59. B 60. B 61. motor unit 62. polarized 63. sliding filament 64. acetylcholine 65. C 66. E 67. B 68. A 69. B 70. C